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According to a 2014 report by the Center for Economic and Policy Research, an economic-policy think tank, non-violent drug offenders account for approximately one-fourth of all offenders in jail or prison.

In 1980, by comparison, they accounted for just one-tenth of that population. And according to a 2014 report released by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the country’s highest re-arrest rates at the time were for non-violent drug offenders.

But a program in Pennsylvania is working to reduce these numbers. And according to a preliminary study, that work is paying off. A recent report found that a new Department of Corrections pilot program is lowering the probability that an inmate will be re-arrested upon release.

“We are working aggressively and strategically to reduce future criminality of individuals in our charge,” Corrections Secretary John Wetzel said in a statement. “These results point to the fact that this new approach is showing positive outcomes.”

Last year, through a partnership with researchers at Drexel University, the DOC implemented a new disciplinary program aimed at non-violent drug offenders. Known as SIP-HOPE, it was put into effect at two community corrections centers, including Riverside CCC in Pittsburgh, as part of the State Intermediate Punishment (SIP) program.

“The results of this study show an impressive 13-percent reduction in re-arrests among SIP-HOPE participants,” Bret Bucklen, director of research and planning for the DOC, said in a statement. “Further, SIP-HOPE participants spent fewer days in prison or jail, demonstrating the ability of this approach to not only reduce crime but also to reduce the use of costly prison beds.”

The basic premise of SIP-HOPE is simple: Participants who violate the program’s ban on drugs and alcohol are punished immediately with a few days in jail.

SIP is a 24-month sentence for non-violent drug offenders that incorporates both inpatient and outpatient drug treatment. As part of the SIP-HOPE program, participants are given a clear set of rules to follow. As reinforcement, the rules are prominently displayed on posters in the facilities.

Participants are breathalyzed each time they enter the facility and are subject to random drug-testing. If an individual violates one of the rules, SIP-HOPE staff take what is known as a swift, certain and fair (SCF) supervision approach. First-time violators receive 24 hours in prison. Those committing subsequent offenses receive additional time in prison and risk expulsion from the program.

Once the punishments are completed, inmates are allowed to continue through the program as if no violation had occurred.

“It is becoming increasingly clear that the SCF supervision model is a leading evidence-based model for improving public safety within community-based corrections,” Bucklen said.

According to Bucklen, the results seen in Pennsylvania are similar to those found in a dozen other states that have implemented similar programs. Pennsylvania’s program was modeled after the Hawaii Opportunity Probation Experiment.

Some have criticized Hawaii’s HOPE Project. In 2014, students at the University of Cincinnati produced a case study titled, “Is Project HOPE Creating a False Sense of Hope?”

“Evaluations of HOPE and its adaptations are few in number and have produced mixed results,” reads the study. “They also are methodologically limited, in that these tests have not included various offender populations, an extended follow-up period, or direct assessments of the program’s ‘logic model.’”

But statistically, the results of Hawaii’s program, first implemented in 2004, are hard to dismiss. After one year, participants were 55 percent less likely to be arrested for a new crime, 72 percent less likely to use drugs, 61 percent less likely to miss appointments with their probation officers, and 53 percent less likely to have their probation revoked than those who did not go through the program.

Hawaii also did a study of participants 10 years later. Researchers found that those in a control group who had not gone through the HOPE program were slightly more likely to have new charges and even more likely to have multiple new charges.

And the purported success of the SIP-HOPE program builds on success being seen in the SIP program overall. According to the DOC, SIP saves the state $33,250 per participant and has saved the state approximately $79.9 million since the program was started.

“At a time when everyone is looking to decrease costs and save money, programs like SIP are huge cost-savers,” Wetzel said in a statement. “In addition to saving money for the commonwealth, SIP also helps offenders break their addictions and change their behaviors resulting in their being more pro-social and crime free. Even after all of the work done to educate judges, district attorneys and public defenders about SIP, why more counties don’t take advantage of this win-win program is puzzling to me.”

The DOC is planning to expand SIP-HOPE to additional community corrections centers.